gh-37738: CI Build&Test: Show segfaults using GitHub annotations
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Expanding the feature
https://github.com/sagemath/sage/wiki/Sage-10.3-Release-Tour#doctest-
failures-are-shown-in-the-files-changed-tab-on-prs
to cover doctests that crash the doctest runner.
An example (https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37709/files)
<img width="1078" alt="Screenshot 2024-04-03 at 11 14 05 AM"
src="https://github.com/sagemath/sage/assets/8345221/de990f1f-069c-4fcf-
ac7e-ed915687533b">
### :memo: Checklist
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### :hourglass: Dependencies
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URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37738
Reported by: Matthias Köppe
Reviewer(s): Kwankyu Lee
