gh-36358: CI: Fix the multi-stage build in ci-linux.yml, fix conda/centos/archlinux system packages
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Fixes breakage from #36338 seen in https://github.com/sagemath/sage/acti
ons/runs/6332061118/job/17206153694:
The 2nd stage (`...-with-targets`) does not find the container from the
1st stage (`...-with-targets-pre`) because they are keyed to the commit
sha. Fixed here by keying it to the sha before merging the CI fixes.
Also fixing the following failures:
- `conda-forge-minimal` (as seen in https://github.com/sagemath/sage/act
ions/runs/6207962004/job/16858998561); failed because the python3
depcheck packages were missing. Fixed now - check with `tox -e docker-
conda-forge-minimal -- config.status`
- `centos-stream-9-python3.9-minimal` (https://github.com/sagemath/sage/
actions/runs/6207962004/job/16858997494),
`almalinux-9-python3.11-minimal` (https://github.com/sagemath/sage/actio
ns/runs/6207962004/job/16858997663) and `-standard`; fixes #34786
- `archlinux-standard` - libgiac was missing in at least one run
Also adding a few more uses of GH Action output groups for convenience.
Tests running at https://github.com/mkoeppe/sage/actions/workflows/ci-
linux.yml
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### :hourglass: Dependencies
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URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/36358
Reported by: Matthias Köppe
Reviewer(s): Dima Pasechnik
