gh-35019: add limit= argument to Integer.prime_divisors()
`Integer.factor()` has an optional `limit=` argument to restrict the
search to prime factors up to a certain size. This patch adds a similar
argument to the `.prime_divisors()` method.
URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/35019
Reported by: Lorenz Panny
Reviewer(s): Edgar Costa, Lorenz Panny
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