gh-35193: symbolics: add derivative operator
This allows for also using the syntax which sagemath already uses in the
output of symbolic derivatives of functions like `D[0,1](f)(x+y,x-y)` in
user input.
Resolves #32554
Resolves #17445
URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/35193
Reported by: Marius Gerbershagen
Reviewer(s): Eric Gourgoulhon, Matthias Köppe