gh-35780: Reduce dependency to rainbow in sage.graphs.graph_coloring
We add a method to format colorings to reduce the number of places in
which method rainbow from `sage.plot.colors` is called in
`sage.graphs.graph_coloring`.
This is a first step toward the resolution of #35777
### :memo: Checklist
- [x] The title is concise, informative, and self-explanatory.
- [x] The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
- [x] I have linked a relevant issue or discussion.
- [x] I have created tests covering the changes.
- [x] I have updated the documentation accordingly.
URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/35780
Reported by: David Coudert
Reviewer(s): Matthias Köppe
Committer
Release Manager