gh-37034: raise ValueError instead of IndexError in .any_root()
The `.any_root()` method sometimes raises an `IndexError` instead of the
usual `ValueError` when no root exists.
Example (Sage 10.2):
```sage
sage: R.<x> = Zmod(55)[]
sage: (x^2 + 1).any_root()
------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
IndexError Traceback (most recent call
last)
Cell In[2], line 1
----> 1 (x**Integer(2)+Integer(1)).any_root()
File /usr/lib/python3.11/site-
packages/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_element.pyx:2315, in
sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element.Polynomial.any_root
(build/cythonized/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_element.c:34795)()
2313 return (self//h).any_root(ring, -degree,
True)
2314 else:
-> 2315 return self.roots(ring=ring, multiplicities=False)[0]
2316
2317 def __truediv__(left, right):
IndexError: list index out of range
```
With this patch, we check for the `IndexError` before it happens and
raise a `ValueError` instead.
URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37034
Reported by: Lorenz Panny
Reviewer(s): Travis Scrimshaw
