gh-37584: build/pkgs/cython: Update to 3.0.10
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### :memo: Checklist
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### :hourglass: Dependencies
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- Depends on #37583 (merged here)
- Depends on #37665 (merged here)
- Depends on #37667 (merged here)
- Depends on https://github.com/cython/cython/commit/4e9f7307312881111b6
f56279a83812a2309cd16 (see
https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/6087#issuecomment-2013134848)
(carried here as a patch)
- Depends on #37646 (merged here for convenience)
URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37584
Reported by: Matthias Köppe
Reviewer(s):
