Fix access violation for Broadcast operator when 0-size shape with scalar input (#34874)
### Details:
- This case will make `element_count == 0`, `m_shape.size() == 1`, but
`shape_size(m_shape) == 0`.
- The `repeats` in `src\plugins\intel_cpu\src\nodes\broadcast.cpp` is
`0`. But the `srcDims.size() = 1`. That make the program access
`repeats[0]` and cause the access violation.
### Tickets:
- [CVS-183409](https://jira.devtools.intel.com/browse/CVS-183409)
### AI Assistance:
- *AI assistance used: no / yes*
- *If yes, summarize how AI was used and what human validation was
performed (build/tests/manual checks).*