[core] Recover from model cache write failures (#35132)
## Summary
Make file-based model cache write failures recoverable and keep cache
entries consistent.
Before this change, a cache write failure during model export could
leave an invalid cache entry and break subsequent cache use.
After this change:
- file-based cache writes either complete successfully or the failed
cache entry is removed
- recoverable cache export failures no longer fail model compilation
- the cache write path stays simple and writes directly to the final
blob path
### Details:
- File-based cache writes directly to the final `.blob` path.
- Repeated writes to the same cache entry overwrite the existing blob.
- Existing blob permissions are temporarily relaxed before overwrite,
then restored to read-only after a successful store.
- Cache export failures are handled in `CoreImpl`, which removes the
failed cache entry on caching errors.
- Stream write failures remain recoverable and do not fail model
compilation.
- GPU export failures that surface as `ov::Exception` are also treated
as recoverable cache export failures.
- Other unexpected exceptions are still propagated.
### Result:
- before: a cache write failure could leave a broken cache entry and
break subsequent cache use
- after: failed cache writes are discarded, cache state remains usable,
and subsequent runs continue normally
### Tickets:
- CVS-104958
### AI Assistance:
- *AI assistance used: yes*
