[CPU] Apply 'bugprone-narrowing-conversions' and 'cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions' clang-tidy remarks (#31301)
### Details:
- Fix "bugprone-narrowing-conversions" and
"cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions" remarks reported by clang-tidy
- Enable "bugprone-narrowing-conversions" and
"cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions" clang-tidy checks on CI by
default
### Tickets:
- N/A