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6c9e30b1 - GH-46728: [Python] Skip test_gdb.py tests if PyArrow wasn't built debug (#46755)

GH-46728: [Python] Skip test_gdb.py tests if PyArrow wasn't built debug (#46755) ### Rationale for this change As mentioned in #46728, if Arrow C++ was built debug, and PyArrow wasn't, test_gdb.py runs tests that fail. ### What changes are included in this PR? The CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE environment variable is propagated from build into PyArrow, where it's checked to skip unit tests. ### Are these changes tested? Yes. I have built PyArrow in release, debug, and relwithdebinfo and observed the new behavior. Because CMakeLists.txt was changed, I built PyArrow twice via setup.py and pip install, and checked the new function. ### Are there any user-facing changes? Devs may skip unit tests that would fail. PyArrow now has build_info() with information about the build type. * GitHub Issue: #46728 Lead-authored-by: Eric Dinse <293818+dinse@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org> Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr> Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>