[ONNX] Use `errors.SymbolicValueError` for more context (#83332)
Replace runtime errors in torch.onnx with `errors.SymbolicValueError` for more context around jit values.
- Extend `_unimplemented`, `_onnx_unsupported`, `_onnx_opset_unsupported`, `_onnx_opset_unsupported_detailed` errors to include JIT value information
- Replace plain RuntimeError with `errors.SymbolicValueError`
- Clean up: Use `_is_bool` to replace string comparison on jit types
- Clean up: Remove the todo `Remove type ignore after #81112`
#77316
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/83332
Approved by: https://github.com/AllenTiTaiWang, https://github.com/thiagocrepaldi, https://github.com/BowenBao
