[vulkan] Use push constants instead of SSBOs (#65716)
Summary:
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/65716
Currently, we send arguments to shaders by creating and filling a SSBO (Shader Storage Buffer Object). However, we can instead use [push constants](https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.2-extensions/man/html/vkCmdPushConstants.html) to send a small amount of uniform data to shaders.
Push constants are slightly more performant than using a SSBO and also have the added benefit of not needing to allocate and manage memory for a buffer object since they update the pipeline data directly.
The downside of using push constants is that there is a maximum size for a push constant block, described by `maxPushConstantsSize` in [VkPhysicalDeviceLimits](https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.1/html/vkspec.html#VkPhysicalDeviceLimits). The minimum size guaranteed by the spec is 128 bytes, which is enough for 32 `float`/`int` variables, or 8 `vec4` variables. This should be enough for our purposes.
Currently, the Convolution shaders use the largest uniform block which only uses 22 bytes.
Test Plan:
Run `vulkan_api_test`:
```
buck build -c ndk.custom_libcxx=false -c pt.enable_qpl=0 //xplat/caffe2:pt_vulkan_api_test_binAndroid\#android-arm64 --show-output
adb push buck-out/gen/xplat/caffe2/pt_vulkan_api_test_binAndroid\#android-arm64 /data/local/tmp/vulkan_api_test
adb shell "/data/local/tmp/vulkan_api_test"
```
Reviewed By: beback4u
Differential Revision: D30368834
fbshipit-source-id: 65a42b9da1a9084ba2337b41eaab9b612583c408
