[c10d] Introduce dist.get_local_rank, dist.get_global_rank and dist.get_global_ranks (#82134)
Those functions enable membership introspection into a ProcessGroup. A common scenario
that needs this is library code that consumes a PG but doesn't create it, which means
it likely doesn't know the global ranks used to create it.
Translating from local to global is necessary when using c10d collectives like broadcast
so if your library code adopts the convention of using local rank 0, it needs
to the following:
```python
import torch.distributed as dist
my_pg: dist.ProcessGroup = ...
def my_library_bcast(tensor)
dist.broadcast(tensor, src=dist.get_global_rank(my_pg, local_rank=0), my_pg)
```
This implements some of the helpers needed to implement the `clone` API from: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/81291
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/82134
Approved by: https://github.com/rohan-varma
