[dtensor][5/N] add cached propagator for TP (#90734)
This PR adds a cached propagator for TP use, it caches the sharding
prop decision for the same input sharding on an operator. This could
improve eager mode performance.
Differential Revision: [D42876249](https://our.internmc.facebook.com/intern/diff/D42876249)
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/90734
Approved by: https://github.com/XilunWu, https://github.com/fduwjj
