[AutoDiff upstream] Add `@derivative(of:)` attribute. (#28321)
The `@derivative(of:)` attribute registers a function as a derivative of another
function. This patch adds the `@derivative(of:)` attribute definition, syntax,
parsing, and printing.
Resolves TF-826.
Todos:
- Type-checking (TF-829).
- Serialization (TF-837).