Derive the SILDebugScope for a variable declaration from its owning ASTScope.
The previous code made the assumption that the ASTScope for a variable
declaration should be the one of the declaration's source location. That is not
necessarily the case, in some cases it should be an ancestor scope. This patch
introduces a map from ValueDecl -> ASTScope that is derived from querying each
ASTScope for its locals, which matches also what happens in name lookup. This
patch also fixes the nesting of SILDebugScopes created for guard statement
bodies, which are incorrectly nested in the ASTScope hierarchy.
rdar://108940570