[stdlib] Switch to using unchecked buffer subscript in low-level Unicode helpers
We expect indices to be already validated by the time these are
called, and UBP’s debug-mode checks are compiled into opaque parts
of the stdlib.
(The big exception is that Swift <5.7 used to not do proper index
validation and allowed out-of-bounds accesses. We emulate this
behavior for code that was compiled with such a release, and it turns
out that these UnsafeBufferPointer checks are interfering with the
intended (undefined) behavior.)
rdar://93707276