[AutoDiff] Type-check `@differentiable` attributes during validation. (#27613)
Type-check `@differentiable` attributes during `TypeChecker::validateDecl` for
all relevant declaration kinds (initializers, subscripts, variables), not just
function declarations.
Resolves TF-888.
TF-789 tracks proper request-based type-checking for `@differentiable` attribute.
Exposes TF-892: `ElementaryFunctions` linker error on Linux.