Merge pull request #87895 from MaxDesiatov/maxd/typed-throws-fix
**Explanation**: When a static method with typed throws is passed as a function reference to a generic parameter expecting untyped throws, `canEmitSpecializedClosureFunction` allows emitting the closure directly under the conversion.
The fix rejects the optimization whenever the closure's thrown error type differs from the destination's, forcing a thunk instead.
Resolves https://github.com/swiftlang/swift/issues/87893 compiler crash.
**Scope**: limited to code with typed throws.
**Risk**: low due to extensive test suite passing (ran `@swift-ci test` here as opposed to `@swift-ci smoke test`) and new test coverage added
**Testing**: lit test suite expanded in this PR to cover the regression.
**Issue**: rdar://172703741
**Reviewer**: @DougGregor
