[AutoDiff] Add 'Builtin.applyTranspose*'. (#28469)
Add support for applying the transpose function in a `@differentiable(linear)` function. The `Builtin.applyTranspose*` builtin takes a `@differentiable(linear)` function and a tangent vector, and returns the result of applying the transpose to the tangent vector.
Pseudo-declaration:
```swift
func applyTranspose_arity{arity}[_throws?{r}]<T...{arity}, R>(
_: @differentiable (T...) {r}?throws -> R,
_: R
) {r}?rethrows -> (T...)
where T: Differentiable & AdditiveArithmetic, R: Differentiable & AdditiveArithmetic
```
This patch also renames `Builtin.autodiffApply` to `Builtin.applyDerivative` for clarity, and fixes a bug in `LinearDifferentiableSILFunctionTypeLowering` where it expected 3 component values in `rebuildAggregate` instead of 2.
Resolves SR-11844 and SR-11851.
