[AutoDiff] Add `@differentiable` attribute SILGen assertion. (#27650)
Previously, `@differentiable` attribute SILGen lowering was skipped if the
attribute did not have resolved parameter indices. This led to unexpected
and difficult-to-debug bugs like TF-888.
Re-add the assertion for robustness. This is possible after
https://github.com/apple/swift/pull/27613, which fixed the underlying issue
with parameter indices resolution.