[Typed throws] Refactor thrown error subtyping check for reuse.
Lift the subtyping check for thrown error types out of the constraint
solver, so we can re-use it elsewhere.
There is a minor diagnostic change, from one that is actively
misleading (it shows a legitimate conversion that's wrong) to one that
is correct, which comes from us not treating "dropping throws" as a
legitimate way to handle equality of function types.
