[stdlib] String: Expose _index(roundingDown:) functions in all String views
These simply expose the preexisting internal
`_StringGuts.validate*Index` functions that indexing operations
use to implicitly round indices down to the nearest valid index. (Or, in the case of the encoding views, the nearest scalar boundary.)
Being able to do this as a standalone, explicit, efficient operation
is crucial when implementing some `String` algorithms that need to
work with arbitrary indices.