Reapply "Stabilize catchError and retry by removing unstable_ prefix" (#94623)
### What?
Reverts #94617, which had reverted #94610. This re-lands the
stabilization of the `catchError` API and the `retry` error prop by
removing their `unstable_` prefix across source, docs, and tests.
### Why?
#94610 was reverted in #94617 to unblock another change. This re-applies
it now that it is no longer blocked.
### How?
`git revert` of the revert commit. The repo's custom errors.json merge
driver handled the error registry: the original codes `1324`/`1325` had
been reclaimed by `instant` errors after the revert, so the reintroduced
messages were minted as new codes `1360` (`retry()` can only be used in
the App Router) and `1361` (`catchError` can only be used in Client
Components), keeping errors.json append-only.
The docs changelog adds `v16.3.0 | catchError became stable.` while
retaining the historical `v16.2.0 | unstable_catchError introduced.`
row.
### Verification
- `pnpm update-error-codes` (check_error_codes passes; errors.json in
sync)
- `pnpm build` (full JS build, exit 0)
- `pnpm --filter=next types` (exit 0)
- Not run: Rust/cargo build (`react_server_components.rs` change is a
one-line allow-list string revert; left to CI)
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