fix(turbo-persistence): Fix `verify_sst_content` feature, improve unit test performance (#78388)
## Why?
I'm trying to run https://github.com/boshen/cargo-shear over our workspace to remove unused dependencies. It runs `cargo expand` with `--all-features`, which was breaking on this crate.
## Changes Summary
- Add `opt-level = 1` in dev for this crate.
- Reduce the iterations used in tests. If we really want tons of iterations, we should use benchmarks or write a fuzzer utility. Unit tests should be small and fast.
- Increase the test for blobs to use a 65KiB blob size and assert that's larger than the blob threshold.
- Cleanup: Use the more-correct `u32` type for the `family` field in a few more places instead of `usize` and make the numeric representations of the `KeySpace` enum a bit more explicit.
## Prior to these changes
- Building with `--features turbo-persistence/verify_sst_content` would fail with compilation errors
- Unit tests would take multiple minutes to run
- The blob test didn't appear to actually test blobs (10KiB < 64KiB)
## After these changes
- The `verify_sst_content` feature works and passes unit tests
- Unit tests finish in about a minute with `cargo test` and `cargo nextest`, this is still slow, but much better than it was.
- Unit tests actually test blobs as intended.

## Potential future work
It would be useful to be able to adjust the medium and large (blob) size thresholds to allow us to lower those thresholds in tests.