Model async userland loading in app routes as a state machine (#95791)
Extracted from https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/95468, tries to
address @lubieowoce feedback.
This should be a pure refactor with no publicly observable behavior
changes. We want to simplify the state of how we're loading and tracking
modules, and simplify signatures:
- Extract a state machine into `LazyModule` that hides per-module state.
You can kick it (`loadIfNeeded`), wait for completion with
`waitUntilLoaded`, or peek-or-throw with `assertLoaded`.
- Reading `.userland` while pending now throws with an invariant so we
don't do it accidentally again. Should be unreachable from current
callsites.
- Remove the non-thunk overload from `userland` factory.
Added tests to cover the cases that the refactor had a risk of breaking.