ci: Consolidate Rust CI checks into lint.yml (#11325)
## Summary
- Consolidate all Rust CI checks (`cargo fmt`, `taplo`, `clippy`, `cargo
check`, license check) into `lint.yml`
- Remove duplicated `rust_lint` and `rust_check` jobs from
`turborepo-test.yml`
- Add `dorny/paths-filter` for path-based filtering to only run checks
when relevant files change
- Split into parallel jobs to go faster
