chore: update devcontainer configuration (#10955)
Refactor the `.devcontainer` configuration from scratch to provide an
up-to-date and functional development environment.
The previous `.devcontainer` was based on an old Go image and had
outdated dependencies and setup instructions, making it unusable for
current development. This PR introduces a new configuration based on
Ubuntu 22.04, precisely matching the project's Rust, Node.js, and pnpm
versions, along with necessary tools like `protoc` and `capnp`, and
includes performance optimizations with persistent caches.
CLOSES #5042
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Co-authored-by: Cursor Agent <cursoragent@cursor.com>
