ci: Remove redundant rust_check job from lint workflow (#12168)
## Summary
- Removes the `rust_check` job from the lint CI workflow
`rust_clippy` already executes `cargo check` internally as part of its
analysis, with a strictly wider scope (`--all-targets` and `--features
rustls-tls` vs. bare `--workspace`). Running both means two independent
workspace compilations per PR for zero additional coverage.
Both jobs run in parallel off `determine_changes`, so `rust_check`
doesn't provide an earlier signal either.