[CIR] Diagnose missing/bad `cir.triple` and `cir.opt_info` attributes in CIR tests instead of asserts/crashes (#230003)
This PR addresses crashes from malformed or missing `cir.triple` or
`cir.opt_info` and produces diagnosis messages instead if improper
attribute values are used via e.g. `cir-opt` (as per in #227917)
Assisted-by: Claude was only used to generate the tests in this PR